Social Theory And Public Health - 1159 Words

Why is social theory important in public health? To comprehend why social theory is significant in public health we need to first understand what they both mean and how they correlate with each other. According to the encyclopedia social theory refers to the use of abstract and often complex theoretical frameworks to describe, explain, and analyze the social world but in simpler words it sums up what social science can say to its spectators about the social world. It is like looking through a particular lens at the world to explain about social changes, behaviours, relationships and their interactions. There is a large possibility that various theoretical models of social behavior may reflect the same general ideas but each theory employs a unique terminology to reflect the specific factors considered to be important. Social science theories are better understood as models that work in a limited range of settings, rather than laws of science which hold and apply universally. Social theories are frameworks of empirical evidence used to study and interpret social phenomena being interdisciplinary draws its inference from fields as diverse as anthropology to media studies . While as public health refers to the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting health through organized efforts and informed choices of society, organizations, public and private, communities and individuals.[1] It analyses the healthShow MoreRelatedThe Social Cognitive Theory Of A Public Health Theory Essay994 Words   |  4 Pages PUBLIC HEALTH THEORY Name: Institution: Public Health Theory Introduction Public health theories play a major role in the creation of interventions programs to change behaviors and promote health. This paper will apply the social cognitive theory and Bronfenbrenner s model of human development to establish a program to prevent and discourage excessive alcohol use among Indiana University college students. 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According to the American Heritage Medical dictionary (www.ahdictionary.com) Community PsychologyRead MoreHealth Disparities : Transportation Equity And Applied Theories Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesHealth Disparities: Transportation Equity and Applied Theories Summary of the Problem and Applied Middle-Range Theory All people, regardless of demographics, race, age, or physical limitations, deserve to have access to available resources within their own community. 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The Divine Comedy Essay - 1620 Words

In Dante Alighieri’s personal narrative poem, The Divine Comedy, he describes a fictional journey that he underwent through hell in the section titled Inferno. He tells the audience that â€Å"midway along the journey of our life I woke to find myself in a dark wood, for I had wandered off from the straight path† (Dante 1:1-3). Dante must go on a journey through hell and purgatory and learn important lessons with his guide, Virgil, in order to reach heaven. Dante integrates â€Å"exemplum†, or examples, and personal experiences with the shades in hell to portray lessons that he must learn, such as how he must learn to not pity the sinners, to differentiate between his respect for faith versus his respect for people, and that he must not get too much†¦show more content†¦At the end, Dante quickly reveals that his name is Filippo Argenti, who was a man who lived in Florence at the same time as Dante, which is most likely why Dante mentioned that he recogni zed the soul. This canto is important because it is not long after his encounter with Francesca and Paolo, where he pitied the two lovers so much that he passed out. In this canto, Dante has already started to change his vision of the souls stuck in hell because he does not pity Filippo Argenti for ending up in hell. Dante has even started to gain pleasure from seeing the souls in hell, because he says that he still thanks the Lord for allowing him to see the sight of Argenti being attacked by the other shades. In addition to his reaction to the shade, it is clear that Dante is learning his lesson about not pitying the souls in hell because Virgil encourages Dante’s lack of pity towards Argenti in this canto. In the nineteenth canto, Dante has an encounter with a pope who ended up in hell for committing simony. He is curious about the fact that there are small holes everywhere with feet sticking out of them, and a specific pair of feet which are â€Å"writhing more than any of his comrades† and â€Å"licked by a redder flame† (Dante 19:32-33) catch his attention. Dante asks the soul to make a sound if he can hear Dante speaking. The soul replies by asking if it is Boniface speaking to him, which Dante is dumbfounded by, but he quickly respondsShow MoreRelatedEssay about The Divine Comedy1224 Words   |  5 Pagesgoing through hell, keep going. If you were to describe Dante’s Divine Comedy as simply as possible you would use this quote. However, Dante’s Divine Comedy has never been that simple. Sure, it is about religion and hell and heaven. But it is also about political ideas. The way spirituality and politics commingle in Dante’s world has interested literature fiends and political theorists alike. So what exactly is Dante’s Divine Comedy? How did Dante’s everyday life affect this piece of literature?Read More The Divine Comedy Essay728 Words   |  3 Pagesdepth of spiritual vision and was known for his intelligence (Encarta, 1). Between the years of 1308 and 1321, Dante wrote the epic poem, The Divine Comedy,; which described a journey through the afterlife. It takes place during the three days of Good Friday, when Jesus died, and on Easter Sunday when he rose body and soul to heaven. It is a moral comedy, and was written to make readers evaluate their own morals. The journey was to show readers what could happen if they live a sinful life, or ifRead MoreDivine Comedy Essay Questions1737 Words   |  7 Pagesgroups of poets, one group from the classical tradition and one from the school of the Sweet New Style. (If you do not remember what this expression means, you have to go back to one of the lectures at the beginning of the semester. 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Hell is to people, what school is to students, a place where souls of all morals, good or bad, were consigned after death. This is the place of punishment of Satan and the other fallen angels and of all mortals who die unrepentant of serious sin. On the contrary, heaven is to people, whatRead MoreThe Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri Essays983 Words   |  4 PagesThe Divine Comedy by Dante Alighieri Dante Alighieris The Divine Comedy, Purgatory Dantes The Divine Comedy section of Purgatory is a depiction of Dante and his struggle to reach paradise. He is a character as well as a narrator. The purgatory section deals with the seven deadly sins and Dantes task of cleansing himself on his journey to heaven. He confronts many different people on his journey to self-righteousness, which help and guide him to his destiny. Accompanied by Virgil or reasonRead MoreDante Alighieri and his Divine Comedy Essay596 Words   |  3 PagesDante Alighieri (1265-1321) was an Italian poet in the Middle Ages. The Divine Comedy, of which Inferno is a part, is considered the greatest literary work in the Italian language and a masterpiece. Inferno is the story of Dante the pilgrim’s journey from the dark wood of error through Hell, led by Virgil. This is Dante the pilgrims opportunity to recognize his sins; he is given the opportunity to see how the error of his ways will be punished if he doe s not change. In Dante’s Hell, the punishmentRead MoreHell in Dantes Divine Comedy Essay example1364 Words   |  6 PagesHell in the divine Comedy and Aeneid In Dante’s Divine Comedy, Dante incorporates Virgil’s portrayal of Hades (In The Aeneid) into his poem, and similarities between the Inferno and Hades can be drawn, however Dante wasn’t attempting to duplicate Virgil’s works. Although the Hell depicted in Dante’s Inferno is essentially based on the literary construction of the underworld found in Virgil’s Aeneid, in their particulars the two kingdoms are quite different. Virgil’s underworld is largelyRead More The Divine Comedy vs. Paradise Lost Essay3038 Words   |  13 Pages Full Circle – from Sin to Salvation nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Great works of literature have been written throughout history. However, The Divine Comedy and Paradise Lost have the inept ability to stir the soul and cause a person to examine and re-examine their life. The brilliant descriptions, use of imagery, metaphor and simile give a person a vivid picture of the creation of man and the possibilities for life in the hereafter. This is done, as a person is able to see, full circle, from

Monopolistic Competition Free Essays

In 1932, Chamberlin and Robinson proposed the model of monopolistic competition. The term was invented by them to express the idea that under certain market situations, each producer is a sort of monopolist – but between such monopolists, there exists a perfect competition. This type of market structure is a combination of elements from perfect competition and monopoly competition. We will write a custom essay sample on Monopolistic Competition or any similar topic only for you Order Now    Here, there is a large numbers of firms producing commodities similar to one another, but not identical. Pure competition and pure monopoly rarely exists in the real world; most firms subject to some competition, but not the extent that would exist under pure competition. Even though most firms are faced with a large number of competitors producing highly substitutable products, firms still have the control over the price of their output – they can not sell all they want at a fixed price, nor will they lose their sales if they raise the price slightly. Monopolistic competition resembles perfect competition to a large extent, the major exception being that there is a certain amount of product differentiation in this type of market structure. This differentiation may not always be real. All the producers here are monopolists in their own product markets Chamberlin’s theory retains two assumptions of purely competitive market structure: Each firm makes its decisions independently of all others; i.e. each producer assumes that competitor’s price, advertising and so on are invariant with respect to its own actions. Thus, price changed by one firm is assumed not to cause other firms to react by changing their prices. There are a large number of firms in the industry all producing the similar products. The assumption of totally homogeneous product is removed; each firm is supposed to be able to differentiate its product at least to some degree from those of rival firms. Major Characteristics of Monopolistic Competition In real life, we find neither monopoly competition nor perfect competition. The term monopolistic competition is only invented to describe this situation. A monopolistic competitive market is characterized by the following features: 1.Large number of buyers and sellers (each one acting independently) 2.Barriers to Entry and Exit are low 3.Advertising and Media exposures are maximum 4.Product Differentiation is principle weapon (either real or fancied) Large number of buyers and sellers: For monopolistic competition to exist, there must exist a large number (not as large as that in the case of perfect competition) of firms, so that, each one believes that the other firms in the market will ignore its actions. Each independently operating firm in the industry must have a small enough market share so that it believes that its actions will not create any reaction among its competitors. A simple example may clarify the point. Suppose an industry is made up of 101 firms. Now if a particular firm reduces its price by only 10 percent, it sells may rise by, say, 20 percent. Suppose, this firm’s market share increases by 200 units. In other words, it will take away only 200 units of sales from its hundred competitors or 0.2 percent from each. As it would cause a fall in sale of their rivals from 1000 to 998, the competitors are hardly expected to react fervently in this case. Free entry and Exit: in this type of market structure, firms outside the industry do not find it at all difficult to enter the industry. Likewise, firms established in the industry find it fairly easy to exit. However, entry and exit are not totally free as they are in pure competition. Due to the existence of non-identical products, new firms are unlikely to gain immediately the level of consumer acceptance attained by long established firms. Similarly, exit is slightly costlier than that of in pure competition. It is because, if a monopolistically competitive firm  leaves an industry, it suddenly loses the consumer’s acceptance that it had managed to build up over the years. Advertising and Media exposure: In monopolistic market, there is huge non-price competition among the firms. Advertising lies in the heart of such non-price competition. Advertising is supposed to provide meaningful information to the customers – even before a product is physically introduced in the market. it is not possible for the customers to know about every product, its physical characteristics, durability or price at every moment of time. Firms believe that, by providing detailed information regarding the product to people, it will be possible to convert latent demand into actual sales. Product Differentiation: To say that products are differentiated, it is meant that the products may be (more or less) good substitutes, but they are not perfect substitutes. Monopolistic product differentiation can be done on the basis of two factors. First, products can be differentiated on the basis of certain characteristics of the product such as exclusive patented features, trademarks and some special types of packages or wrappers. This type of differentiation can be termed as fancied product differentiation. Second, differentiation may be based on the conditions surrounding the sale of the product and after sales service. The product is differentiated if the after sales services rendered by the firm are different from those of other firms in the market. But, real product differentiation takes place when there are differences in product specifications or differences in location of the firm which determines whether the product is available conveniently to the customers. A differentiation strategy attempts to offer products and services that are considered unique or innovative in the industry. If a firm is successful in differentiating its products and services from those of its competitors, it can generate sizeable profits. This is because successful differentiation allows a firm to change premium prices. A firm may differentiate  its products and services in various ways like design (e.g. Mercedes), brand image (e.g. Coca Cola), features (e.g. Cadillac), technology (e.g. Intel microprocessor), customer service (e.g. Hilton Hotels), quality (e.g. Sony) and so on. A differentiation strategy is very effective when differentiation factors are essential for the customers and hard for competitors to imitate. Equilibrium under Monopolistic Competition: Firms: As most of the products have close substitutes, the demand curve for a monopolistic market is considerably elastic; slopes downward from left to right, the marginal cost being equivalent to the marginal revenue. The proposition is based on the assumption that every firm wants to maximize its net revenue. The individual firm under monopolistic competition is faced with downward sloping average revenue curve and the marginal revenue is always less than the average revenue. The degree of differentiation exists; each firm’s product has a unique demand schedule. If such a firm wishes to increase its sales it must either reduce the price or shift the demand curve by some from of sales pressure like advertisement, special service etc. If shifting the demand curve is not practicable, the only way to increase sales would be price reduction.  Ã‚   Increase of sales by reduction of price reduces the marginal revenue of the firm. But when marginal revenue is grater than the marginal cost, it is profitable to expand production. The total revenue reaches the maximum point at the level of output where the marginal revenue is equal to the marginal cost. The equality between marginal revenue and marginal cost determines the most profitable output and the position of equilibrium for the individual firm under monopolistic competition. This proposition is based on the assumption that every firm tries to maximize its net revenue. Under monopolistic competition, the net revenue which the firm seeks to maximize is, [Price * Output] – [Production Cost + selling Cost]. Group Equilibrium: Due to free entry each firm in a monopolistically competitive industry reaches its long-run zero profit equilibrium. When all the firms reach such equilibrium, the whole industry is said to be in equilibrium which is better known as group equilibrium. Conclusion While every producer wants to enjoy profit-maximization in a monopoly market, from the customers’ point of view the perfect competitive market is the most desired one. Thus, it is beyond any iota of doubt that the monopolistic competition, being the ‘most perfect’ after perfect competition and the ‘least imperfect’ form of imperfect competition, is the best rational approach we have in the existing corporate world. Works Cited Ghosh, A, and Saha, N.C.   Economic Theory, Imperfect Competition, chap 12 ICFAI Center for Management Research, Economics for Managers, chaps 6 – 7 Mitra, J.K. Economics, Imperfect Competition, chap, 15 Mitra, J.K. Economics, Market Forms, chap, 12 How to cite Monopolistic Competition, Essay examples